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Photographers appreciate the difficulty and complexity of choosing appropriate focal point, because there are many ways to view something- each with its own perspectives and detriments to understanding the scene. Like the issue of finding the best "focal point" with which to look at something, the dilemma of finding the best level of detail in defining constructs with which to build a personality theory maybe an issue of which focal point is chosen. For example, person A is effective, therefore she has all of the right stuff, such as brains, savvy, and style. Although this has not been substantiated when empirically studied, the tendency to believe that more effective people have the vital ingredients for success invites the attribution of a halo effect. If defined as a single construct, emotional intelligence might be deceptive and suggest an association with cognitive capability (i.e., traditionally defined "intelligence" or what psychologists often call "g" referring to general cognitive ability) (Davies and Stankov, 1998 Ackerman and Heggestad, 1997). Goleman (1998) defined an "emotional competence" as a "learned capability based on emotional intelligence that results in outstanding performance at work." Integrating the work of Goleman (19) and Boyatzis (1982), we offer the following descriptive definition: emotional intelligence is observed when a person demonstrates the competencies that constitute self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and social skills at appropriate times and ways in sufficient frequency to be effective in the situation. In this "competency" approach, specific capabilities were identified and validated against effectiveness measures, or often inductively discovered and then articulated as competencies.Īn integrated concept of emotional intelligence offers more than a convenient framework for describing human dispositions- it offers a theoretical structure for the organization of personality and linking it to a theory of action and job performance (Goleman, 1995). 1958 McClelland, 1973 Bray, Campbell, and Grant, 1974 Boyatzis, 1982 Luthans et al, 1988 Kotter, 1982 Thornton and Byham, 1982 Spencer and Spencer, 1993). Other conceptualizations have used labels such as "practical intelligence" and "successful intelligence" (Sternberg, 1996), which often blend the capabilities described by the other psychologists with cognitive abilities and anchor the concepts around the consequence of the person's behavior, notably success or effectiveness.Ī closely related stream of research focused on explaining and predicting the outcome of effectiveness in various occupations, often with a primary emphasis on managers and leaders (McClelland et. Salovey and Mayer (1990) first used the expression "emotional intelligence" and described it in terms of four domains: knowing and handling one's own and others' emotions.
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Gardner (1983) conceptualized this arena as constituting intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence. Goleman, 1995) offered the idea as a single concept, more recent psychologists have appreciated its complexity and described it in terms of multiple capabilities (Bar-On, 1992, 1997 Goleman, 1998 Saarni, 1988). While the earliest psychologist to explore this arena of "social intelligence" (Thorndike in the 20's and 30's, cf. Even though it is simple as a phrase, it incorporates the complexity of a person's capability. The implications for a theory of performance in work settings and an integrated personality theory will be mentioned in emphasizing the importance of clusters of competencies in predicting performance and making links to all levels of the human psyche.Įmotional intelligence is a convenient phrase with which to focus attention on human talent.
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The history and development, as well as preliminary statistical results from a new test based on this model, the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI), will be reported. In this chapter, we will briefly describe a model of emotional intelligence based on the competencies that enable a person to demonstrate intelligent use of their emotions in managing themselves and working with others to be effective at work. Parker (eds.), Handbook of emotional intelligence. Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI)s. Original Reference - Reprinted With Permissionīoyatzis, R. Boyatzis, Daniel Goleman and Kenneth Rhee